Fig. 5. Effect of TES on regulating [Ca²⁺]_i in human ASM cells in zero extracellular calcium environment during TNFα and IL-13 exposure. A) Effect of TES on regulating [Ca²⁺]_i in non-asthmatic human ASM cells (male and female) and B) Effect of TES on regulating [Ca²⁺]_i in asthmatic human ASM cells (male and female). TNFα and IL-13 significantly increased the [Ca²⁺]_i response to histamine in non-asthmatic and asthmatic human ASM cells compared to vehicle. This increase in [Ca²⁺]_i was significantly inhibited in ASM cells treated with TES, while ASM cells exposed to Flutamide before TES administration did not show any significant downregulation of TNFα/IL-13 induced increase in [Ca²⁺]_i. ^###p<0.001 vs. vehicle, *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 vs. cytokines. Data expressed as mean ± SEM. n=3 patients each.